This is the text of the sermon that I gave at the First Unitarian Church of New Bedford on August 16, 2009. It was heard by about 20 people, about average for summer services.
WELCOME AND ANNOUNCEMENTS
Welcome to the First Unitarian Church of New Bedford. As a congregation, we try to ignore those arbitrary barriers that our culture has traditionally erected to keep people apart. If you are here and are interested in liberal religion, you are welcome.
FIRST READING
“When the dung beetle moves, know that something has moved it. And know that it movement affect the flight of the sparrow, and that the raven deflects the eagle from the sky, and that the eagle’s stiff wing beds the will of the Wind People, and know that all this affects you and me, and the flea on the prairie dog and the leaf on the cottonwood.” That had always been the point of the lesson. Interdependency of nature. Every cause has its effect. Every action its reaction. A reason for everything. In all things a pattern, and in this pattern, the beauty of harmony. Thus one leaned to live with evil, by understanding it, by reading its cause. And this one learned, gradually and methodically; if one was lucky, to always “go in beauty”, to always look for the pattern, and to find it.”
SECOND READING
“The way it works with Navajos, witchcraft is the reversal to the Navajo Way. The way the Holy People taught us, the goal of life was houzro. No word for it in English. Sort of a combination of beauty/harmony, being in tune, going with the flow, feeling peaceful, all wrapped in a single concept, basically.”
SERMON
Hi.
As you’ve probably figured out by now, today I’m going to talk about certain aspects of the Navajo way of life.
Let me say right at the outset that I’m not a scholar, and I haven’t spent a lot of time in libraries learning about the Navajo tribe. My knowledge is not exhaustive and it may not even be always correct. What I know, I have gained from conversations with Navajo friends and acquaintances in Tucson, Arizona and from reading the mystery stories of Tony Hillerman. But my purpose today is not to turn all of you into Navajo experts in fifteen minutes. Rather, my aim is to introduce a couple of concepts from the Navajo way of looking at things, compare and contrast them to the Unitarian Universalist perspective and see if we can learn something.
Many people consider that the Navajos don’t have a religion. They don’t hold regular worship services. There are no rituals analogous to baptism, christenings, bar mitzvahs, weddings, or funerals in the Navajo way. They don’t believe in a single God, the afterlife, Heaven or Hell.
But, it depends upon how you define things. If you define religion as the worship of God, then maybe the Navajos don’t have a religion.
But I define religion a bit more broadly. Religion is the way we deal with the unknown and the unknowable. Where did come from? Where am I going? What am I doing here? What is the nature of life? These are some of the religious questions. They can’t be answered by research. They can’t be answered definitively. Some religions try to define the answers. Some will even try to force others to accept these answers. But at some point in life, just about every person will need to answer the unanswerable for him or herself. If you like, life is a multiple-choice test and I want to have as many choices as I can get.
So. Now to the Navajos. Most of us have learned about the Navajos and the other Native American nations from TV, the movies, novels and other forms of fiction. These sources often depict Navajo life as simple, close to nature. The Navajos may live close to nature, but theirs is not a simple culture. There is a whole web of taboos and customs woven together into a rather strict structure for the good life.
Take, for instance, the house. A traditional Navajo will live in a Hogan. There are strict rules as to the size and shape, although the materials can vary according to the landscape. But the doorway of the Hogan must be pointing due east facing the rising sun. The traditional Navajo man will greet the dawn with prayers and with a pinch of corn pollen. He gets the pollen from his medicine pouch, which he keeps with him always, tied to a deerskin thong which is tied around his waist and then hangs under his clothes close to his genitals. I don’t know what women do with their medicine pouch.
All Navajos belong to clans. There are something like 60 clans, some large and powerful, some small and facing extinction. Every member of a clan is considered to be a relative of every other member of the clan. Since there is a very strong incest taboo and some of these clans can have thousands of members, sometimes this can lead problems in finding a suitable mate. Imagine the problems if just about everyone you knew were a relative.
When meeting someone for the first time, a Navajo will tell his or her place in the tribe, giving his born of (or mother’s) clan and his born to (or father’s) clan.
All of this is interesting, but not particularly germane. Such clan distinctions are important to a sedentary culture. The USA in the 20th and 21st century is not sedentary.
My father lived in different seven states; my mother lived in eight. So far, I myself have lived in 7 states and my brother has lived in 8 states. My sister is the black sheep of the family; she’s only lived in three. The chances that any of us will unknowingly meet a relative are pretty slim. And my guess is that the same holds true for many of you.
I mention these few aspects of Navajo life to point out the lengths that the Navajo Way goes to preserve houzro or harmony. By the way, since the Navajo Religion is a spoken one, there is often a problem with spelling and pronounciation. I have no assurance that I am spelling the word houzro correctly, but I don’t worry about that since you can’t see my text. I don’t know how to pronounce it either.
Starting the day with a prayer centers one. Using corn pollen in that prayer affirms life in a region where life is pretty sparse. The web of rules about clans and incest guarantees that the tribe will not be genetically weakened.
In first reading, we learned about the Navajo approach to the world. We learned of the belief that everything is connected, that every cause has an effect, that every effect has a cause. In Anglo society, this is called chaos theory and is considered speculative; a theory that hasn’t been proved, but could lead to interesting developments. But in the Navajo way, this belief comes as result of other beliefs and leads logically to other beliefs.
As an aside, this belief is real convenient for the mystery writer. One of the questions a writer has to answer is “why bother?” In the story, the detective goes through a whole bunch of adventures, meets a bunch of unsavory characters, and usually confronts danger. The reader is justified in asking the question: “Why doesn’t this guy just say ‘to hell with this’, clock out and go home, have a nice dinner and watch TV?” This question must be answered in some way in every story. Tony Hillerman answers it by saying it is part of the detective’s system of beliefs – his religion, if you will.
In the second reading, we got the basic definition of houzro: The belief that the goal of life was harmony – to be at peace with yourself, your community, and the world. Taken with the first reading, it becomes clear that houzro is all encompassing. It’s not just the feeling you get after you’ve had a good meal, or read a good book, or have been complemented extravagantly. But it is a condition of life, temporary but which can be sustained for years, even decades, and is ended only by some definite, definable reason.
The essence of houzro is cooperation, as opposed to competition. It is the state you achieve when you follow the Golden Rule, and treat others as you wish to be treated. Of course, all of these concepts and actions lead to other concepts and actions. For instance, some teachers who are new to the Navajo reservation have to learn not to ask questions of their class. No one will ever answer. No good Navajo student would ever make his classmates look bad. There are limits to even this rule. Jacoby Ellsbury, the Red Sox center fielder is a Navajo. He has 52 stolen bases so far this year, so he evidently has no trouble with making the opposing pitchers and catchers look bad. But maybe he needs an Enemy Way sung at the end of the season.
Navajos believe in evil. There are two sources of evil: witches (or skin walkers) and ghosts.
Here’s a reading from Tony Hillerman’s Children of Darkness:
“You get to be a witch by violating the basic taboos – killing a relative, incest, so forth. And you get certain powers. You can turn yourself into a dog or a wolf. You can fly. And you have the power to make people sick. That’s the opposite of the good power the Holy People gave us – to cure people by getting them back into houzro. Back into beauty. So, to make a long story short, a witch wouldn’t have to have a motive for blowing up an oil well. It’s a bad thing to do, blowing people up. That’s all the motive a skin walker needs.”
So a witch is pure evil. The Navajos believe that the only way to free oneself of a witch’s power is to kill it.
Ghosts are separate. Here’s a quote from Hillerman’s Listening Woman:
Among the traditional Dinee (or Navajo), the death of a fellow human being was the ultimate evil. He recognized no life after death. That which was natural in him, and therefore good, simply ceased. That which was unnatural, and therefore evil, wandered through the darkness as a ghost, disturbing nature and causing sickness.
And this from The People of Darkness:
…Everything about the white man’s burial customs seemed odd to Chee. The Navajos lacked this sentimentality about corpses. Death robbed the body of its value. Even its identity was lost with the departing chindi. What the ghost left behind was something to be disposed of with a minimum risk of contamination to the living. The names of the dead were left unspoken, certainly not carved in stone.
So like the rest of us, the Navajo fear the unknown. When possible, the family will take steps that a dying person will expire outside, so that his ghost can escape and be free. If a person dies inside a Hogan, a large hole is made in the North Wall of the Hogan so that the ghost can escape and no Navajo will ever enter that Hogan again, for fear of getting ghost sickness.
A Navajo stays in houzro by living the good life, by staying within the bounds of Navajo tradition. If one does lose this harmony, there are always ceremonies. At one point, there were over 60 different ceremonies or sings. These are dying out, partially because of the encroachment of the dominant culture, and partially because the training is so rigorous. The Blessing Way, for instance, takes nine days. There are numerous chants and sand paintings and everything has to be word perfect and grain of sand perfect or the ceremony won’t work. One doesn’t learn to be a hatayii or singer in his or her spare time.
When a traditional Navajo joins the Armed Forces, he should have a Blessing Way sung for him before he leaves to keep him in harmony, and an Enemy Way sung for him when he returns to bring him back into houzro.
So that’s a couple of pages of the Cliff Notes version of Navajo religion. Let’s apply it.
Is the dominant culture of the United States in houzro? It’s a big country; it depends upon where you look. Certainly, if you listen political radio, you’d have to conclude that we are out of houzro. A person whose job it is to be outraged 3 hours a day, five days a week can’t be in harmony. Neither can the people who listen to him or her.
Our whole economic system is based on competition. In school, we are taught the importance of winning. We are taught that the goal of life is to gain power or money, and the way to gain these is by winning, by showing other people up, either in the marketplace or in voting booth.
But I think in our daily life, we do try to achieve houzro, whether we have ever heard of the term. We have to compete for jobs, but usually we never see or even think about other candidates. And when we get the job, we try to cooperate with our fellow workers. Indeed, if we are too competitive and try to show up our coworkers we are seen to be “disruptive” and the boss may have to conduct a ceremony to bring you back into harmony. These ceremonies aren’t like the Blessing Way or the Enemy Way. They are usually called “counseling”, or “a bawling out”, or even a “come to Jesus meeting”. Of course, if such a ceremony takes 9 days, the boss will probably engage in an entirely different ceremony.
But we generally try to get along with our neighbors, in-laws, fellow church members. If we see evil, we generally try to stay away from it. If we can’t stay away, we call 911 and let someone else handle it. So we generally tend toward houzro subconsciously, even though it is not a goal.
Finally, I want to read you another passage, this one is from “The Dark Wind”.
“Someone who violated basic rules of behavior and harmed you was, by Navajo definition “out of control.” The “Dark Wind” had entered him and destroyed his judgment. One avoided such persons, and worried about them, and was pleased if they were cured of this temporary insanity and returned again to houzro. But to Chee’s Navajo mind, the idea of punishing them would be as insane as the original act.”
Obviously, if the United States followed the Navajo Way, we would have a very different criminal justice system. We wouldn’t lead the world in number of people in jail per capita, we wouldn’t spend as much tax money, and we would have fewer lawyers.
I’m not at all sure that we wouldn’t also have less crime.
That’s all I got. The Navajo religion is a beautiful one, and certainly not simple. I didn’t even condense the religion to fit the time period. I just pulled out a couple of ideas that suited my purpose. The creation stories, for instance, are wonderful, very extensive, and instructive. They make Genesis seem like a short children’s story.
I hope I gave you something to think about. Are you in houzro? Are you in harmony with the universe? If not, how can we as a congregation help?